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1045| 1000–1100 | Europe [sports] | ‘Tables’, or backgammon, is introduced to Europe by the Arabs (or reintroduced, as it is similar in name and appearance to the Roman game Tabula). It becomes extremely popular over the next few centuries. The name ‘backgammon’ is first used in the mid-17th century. | | 10 January 1045 | Italy, Holy Roman Empire [administration] | After several months of faction fighting between the great families of Rome, Italy, following the deposition of Benedict IX, Sylvester III, a nominee of the Crescentii, is elected as pope. | | 10 March 1045 | Holy Roman Empire, Italy [administration] | Pope Benedict IX returns from exile to Rome, Italy, and deposes Sylvester III. | | 1 May 1045 | Italy, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Pope Benedict IX resigns, after selling the papal office to John Gratian, who is elected as Gregory VI. |
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