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1054| 1000–1100 | Europe [sports] | ‘Tables’, or backgammon, is introduced to Europe by the Arabs (or reintroduced, as it is similar in name and appearance to the Roman game Tabula). It becomes extremely popular over the next few centuries. The name ‘backgammon’ is first used in the mid-17th century. | | 1047–1080 | France [legislation] | The earliest known code of laws and customs of any French town, the Etablissements de Saint-Quentin, is drawn up. (The original code is lost but is known from a copy of 1151.) | | 1054 | Byzantine Empire [diplomacy] | The papal legate Cardinal Humbert excommunicates the patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, for obstructing an alliance between the Byzantine emperor and the Pope. Cerularius retaliates by excommunicating the cardinal and thus causes the final schism between the Eastern (Orthodox) church and the Western (Roman Catholic) Church. | | 4 July 1054 | world [astronomy] | A bright new star, visible in daylight, appears in the constellation Taurus. The supernova is observed in China and Korea, and is recorded in rock paintings in southwestern America. | | 3 September 1054 | Spain, Castile, Navarre [wars] | Ferdinand I of Castile defeats and kills his brother García III of Navarre at Atapuerca, near Burgos, Spain. Garcia's son Sancho IV succeeds as king of Navarre. |
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