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1055| 1000–1100 | Europe [sports] | ‘Tables’, or backgammon, is introduced to Europe by the Arabs (or reintroduced, as it is similar in name and appearance to the Roman game Tabula). It becomes extremely popular over the next few centuries. The name ‘backgammon’ is first used in the mid-17th century. | | 1047–1080 | France [legislation] | The earliest known code of laws and customs of any French town, the Etablissements de Saint-Quentin, is drawn up. (The original code is lost but is known from a copy of 1151.) | | 1055 | Wales [wars] | Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd and Powys, completes the conquest of southern Wales to become the king of all Wales. | | 11 January 1055 | Byzantine Empire [administration] | When the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX dies, his sister-in-law, the empress Theodora, becomes sole ruler. | | 7 February 1055 | Kiev [administration] | Jaroslav I, Great Prince of Kiev, dies. In his will, Jaroslav divides his lands among his five sons who immediately fall out over their inheritance and civil war follows. Kiev and Novgorod are inherited by Jaroslav's eldest son Iziaslav, who is theoretically superior in status to his brother princes. | | 13 April 1055 | Holy Roman Empire [administration] | After hesitating for almost a year before accepting the office, Gebhard of Eichstatt is elected as Pope Victor II. | | 18 December 1055 | Mesopotamia, Seljuk Sultanate [wars] | The city of Baghdad surrenders to the Seljuk Turks, who thus end Buwayhid rule. Tughril Beg is proclaimed sultan, and the Abbasid caliph remains the spiritual leader of Sunni Muslims, under Seljuk control. |
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