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1057| 1000–1100 | Europe [sports] | ‘Tables’, or backgammon, is introduced to Europe by the Arabs (or reintroduced, as it is similar in name and appearance to the Roman game Tabula). It becomes extremely popular over the next few centuries. The name ‘backgammon’ is first used in the mid-17th century. | | 1047–1080 | France [legislation] | The earliest known code of laws and customs of any French town, the Etablissements de Saint-Quentin, is drawn up. (The original code is lost but is known from a copy of 1151.) | | 2 August 1057 | Holy Roman Empire [administration] | Following the death earlier in the year of Pope Victor II, Frederick of Lorraine, the abbot of Monte Cassino, is elected as Pope Stephen IX. The weak regency of the infant Henry IV of Germany is unable to interfere with the election, which begins the process of freeing the papacy from secular control. | | 31 August 1057 | Byzantine Empire [administration] | The Byzantine emperor Michael VI the Aged abdicates in favour of the general Isaac Comnenus, whose troops have already proclaimed him as emperor. |
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