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1059| 1000–1100 | Europe [sports] | ‘Tables’, or backgammon, is introduced to Europe by the Arabs (or reintroduced, as it is similar in name and appearance to the Roman game Tabula). It becomes extremely popular over the next few centuries. The name ‘backgammon’ is first used in the mid-17th century. | | 1047–1080 | France [legislation] | The earliest known code of laws and customs of any French town, the Etablissements de Saint-Quentin, is drawn up. (The original code is lost but is known from a copy of 1151.) | | 14 April 1059 | Italy, Holy Roman Empire [Catholicism] | A decree governing the election of popes is made in a council held at the Lateran palace by Pope Nicholas II. In future the choice is to be made by the cardinal bishops; secular authorities, including the people of Rome and the Emperor, are allowed only a marginal role. | | 8 August 1059 | Italy, Apulia, Sicily, Byzantine Empire [wars] | In the Treaty of Melfi, Pope Nicholas II invests Robert Guiscard as his vassal, proclaiming him Duke of Apulia and Calabria and Count of Sicily. These territories are still largely occupied by the Byzantines and the Arabs but the Pope's grant legitimizes Guiscard's campaigns to conquer them. |
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