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1080| 1000–1100 | Europe [sports] | ‘Tables’, or backgammon, is introduced to Europe by the Arabs (or reintroduced, as it is similar in name and appearance to the Roman game Tabula). It becomes extremely popular over the next few centuries. The name ‘backgammon’ is first used in the mid-17th century. | | 1047–1080 | France [legislation] | The earliest known code of laws and customs of any French town, the Etablissements de Saint-Quentin, is drawn up. (The original code is lost but is known from a copy of 1151.) | | 1078–1124 | Spain, France [churches and temples] | Work begins on the Romanesque cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, using French masons. Built on a huge scale to accommodate the large number of pilgrims, it is largely completed by 1124. | | 7 March 1080 | Germany [administration] | Pope Gregory VII again prohibits lay investiture, declares Henry IV to be deposed as king of Germany, and recognizes the ‘antiking’ Rudolph of Swabia in his place. | | 25 June 1080 | Holy Roman Empire [administration] | King Henry IV of Germany holds a council of bishops at Brixen which declares Pope Gregory VII to be deposed and elects Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, as Pope Clement III. | | 29 June 1080 | Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Papal States, Italy, Apulia [treaties] | In the Treaty of Ceprano, Pope Gregory VII makes an alliance against King Henry IV of Germany with Robert Guiscard, the Norman duke of Apulia, and recognizes his conquests in southern Italy and Sicily. | | 15 October 1080 | Germany [wars] | In a battle near Hohen-Mölsen, Rudolf of Swabia defeats King Henry IV of Germany, but is mortally wounded. |
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