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1081| 1000–1100 | Europe [sports] | ‘Tables’, or backgammon, is introduced to Europe by the Arabs (or reintroduced, as it is similar in name and appearance to the Roman game Tabula). It becomes extremely popular over the next few centuries. The name ‘backgammon’ is first used in the mid-17th century. | | 1078–1124 | Spain, France [churches and temples] | Work begins on the Romanesque cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, using French masons. Built on a huge scale to accommodate the large number of pilgrims, it is largely completed by 1124. | | 1081 | England [wars] | William I the Conqueror, King of England and Duke of Normandy, makes an expedition into southern Wales, where Norman marcher lords are now established. | | 3 March 1081 | Byzantine Empire [administration] | The Byzantine emperor Nicephorus III Botaneiates is deposed in favour of Alexius I Comnenus, founder of the Comnenian dynasty. | | 4 April 1081 | Poland [revolution] | A rebellion in Poland forces King Boleslaw II into exile. He is succeeded by his brother, Wladyslaw I Herman, under whom the Polish territories disintegrate in civil war, and the crown falls into abeyance until 1300. | | 9 August 1081 | Holy Roman Empire [elections] | King Henry IV's enemies in Germany elect Hermann of Salm as king in succession to Rudolf of Swabia. |
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