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1084| 1000–1100 | Europe [sports] | ‘Tables’, or backgammon, is introduced to Europe by the Arabs (or reintroduced, as it is similar in name and appearance to the Roman game Tabula). It becomes extremely popular over the next few centuries. The name ‘backgammon’ is first used in the mid-17th century. | | 1078–1124 | Spain, France [churches and temples] | Work begins on the Romanesque cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, using French masons. Built on a huge scale to accommodate the large number of pilgrims, it is largely completed by 1124. | | 1083–1087 | Japan [wars] | The Kiyowara clan, formerly allies of the Minamoto in the Nine Years' War, challenge Minamoto rule in northern Honshu, Japan. The Minamoto, led by Yoshiie, destroy the Kiyowara and impose absolute rule on the north. | | 21 March 1084 | Papal States, Holy Roman Empire [wars] | King Henry IV of Germany captures Rome and besieges Pope Gregory VII in the Castel Sant' Angelo. | | 24 March 1084 | Papal States [administration] | King Henry IV of Germany's antipope Clement III assumes the papacy in Rome. | | 5 May 1084 | Holy Roman Empire, Papal States, Apulia, Italy [wars] | Answering a call for help from Pope Gregory VII, Robert Guiscard, the Norman duke of Apulia, expels the Germans from Rome; however, the Norman soldiers do so much damage that Gregory is forced to go into exile with them to escape popular anger. |
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