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1094| 1000–1100 | Europe [sports] | ‘Tables’, or backgammon, is introduced to Europe by the Arabs (or reintroduced, as it is similar in name and appearance to the Roman game Tabula). It becomes extremely popular over the next few centuries. The name ‘backgammon’ is first used in the mid-17th century. | | 1078–1124 | Spain, France [churches and temples] | Work begins on the Romanesque cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, using French masons. Built on a huge scale to accommodate the large number of pilgrims, it is largely completed by 1124. | | 1094 | Castile, Spain, León [wars] | Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, the Cid, captures Valencia from the Moors and rules it nominally as a vassal of Alfonso VI of Castile and León. | | 1094 | Papal States, Italy [wars] | Pope Urban II regains possession of the Lateran Palace in Rome, so completing his recovery of Rome from the antipope Clement III. Although Emperor Henry IV's cause in Italy is now ruined, he is prevented from returning to Germany because of his son King Conrad II of Germany's rebellion, and the empress Adelaide deserts him. | | 29 December 1094 | Fatimid Caliphate [administration] | With the death of Caliph al-Munstansir the Fatimid caliphate goes into rapid decline, as the caliphate is held by a succession of powerless nonentities, several of whom are murdered. |
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