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1095| 1000–1100 | Europe [sports] | ‘Tables’, or backgammon, is introduced to Europe by the Arabs (or reintroduced, as it is similar in name and appearance to the Roman game Tabula). It becomes extremely popular over the next few centuries. The name ‘backgammon’ is first used in the mid-17th century. | | 1078–1124 | Spain, France [churches and temples] | Work begins on the Romanesque cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, using French masons. Built on a huge scale to accommodate the large number of pilgrims, it is largely completed by 1124. | | c. 1095 | France [poetry] | Chanson de Roland/Song of Roland is recorded. It is the earliest extant example of the chivalric epics known as chanson de geste (‘song of exploits’) which were sung and possibly composed by French trouvères (poets with a narrative style). | | 1095 | Byzantine Empire [wars] | The Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus repulses the Cumans, a Turkish people, at Adrianople and appeals to Pope Urban II for western aid against the Turks. | | 3 March 1095 | Holy Roman Empire [Crusades (1095–1272)] | In a council at Piacenza, Pope Urban II appeals to Western Europe to rescue Constantinople from the Turks. | | 27 November 1095 | France [Crusades (1095–1272)] | At the council of Clermont, France, Pope Urban II proclaims the First Crusade, calling for the Holy Land to be freed from the Seljuk Turks and for there to be free access to Jerusalem for pilgrims. Participants are granted an indulgence (remission of penances due for sin). | | 1 December 1095 | France [Crusades (1095–1272)] | Count Raymond IV of Toulouse becomes the first major figure to join the First Crusade. |
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