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1100| 1000–1100 | Europe [sports] | ‘Tables’, or backgammon, is introduced to Europe by the Arabs (or reintroduced, as it is similar in name and appearance to the Roman game Tabula). It becomes extremely popular over the next few centuries. The name ‘backgammon’ is first used in the mid-17th century. | | 1078–1124 | Spain, France [churches and temples] | Work begins on the Romanesque cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, using French masons. Built on a huge scale to accommodate the large number of pilgrims, it is largely completed by 1124. | | c. 1100 | England [language studies] | Old English, the common language of England, with strong roots in the Germanic languages of the early invaders, begins to be replaced by Middle English. Middle English embodies the Northern European origins of English, but is also starting to reflect the influence of Latin and Norman French. | | c. 1100 | France [songs] | The often noble troubadours (lyric poets) of northern France and trouvères (poets with a narrative style) of southern France emerge, the subject of their songs usually being courtly love. Guillaume IX, Duke of Aquitaine, is the earliest troubadour whose works have survived. | | c. 1100 | France [tennis] | Jeu de paume, a handball game and the forerunner of real-tennis, is first played in France by monks in monastery cloisters; it is later taken up and played on courts by the French monarchy and aristocracy but it is not played with rackets until around 1500. | | 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | c. 1100 | England [agriculture] | Crop rotation methods are introduced into England, though they have been used in mainland Europe for some time. By using a three-year rotation, English agriculture will in later centuries become the most efficient in Europe. | | 18 July 1100 | Kingdom of Jerusalem [administration] | Godfrey of Bouillon, Defender of the Holy Sepulchre, dies. He is succeeded by his brother, Baldwin I, who takes the title king of Jerusalem. | | 5 August 1100 | England [administration] | William II Rufus' brother Henry is crowned king of England; he issues a charter of liberties and recalls Anselm as archbishop of Canterbury. | | 9 September 1100 | Papal States, Italy [administration] | The antipope Clement III dies; a Roman faction takes advantage of the absence of the legitimate pope Paschal II, currently in southern Italy, to crown Theodoric as Clement's successor, but he is expelled later in the year. |
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