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1100 BC| c. 1200 BC–c. 1100 BC | Middle East, Greece [political events] | This century sees the end of the Bronze Age in the Middle East and the Aegean and the beginning of a Dark Age, at least in the latter area. The turmoil caused by the displaced Peoples of the Sea may have been prompted by renewed pressure, from the north, of Indo-European tribes; as the century progresses these tribes, in particular the Phrygians and Dorian Greeks, penetrate Asia Minor and Greece. | | c. 1100 BC | China [tools] | The spinning wheel is invented in China, derived from the machines used to draw out silk from the silkworm. It subsequently spreads to India and reaches Europe about the 13th century AD. | | c. 1100 BC | Phoenicia, Palestine [trade] | The Phoenicians are beginning to create a colonial empire, certainly trading with Spain, and possibly founding Tarshish and Gades in Spain, although these foundations may have been later. Similarly the Israelites, left alone for a while by their powerful neighbours, are succeeding in their efforts to develop from a collection of tribes into a united people and to dominate Palestine. | | c. 1100 BC | Egypt [wars] | With the Egyptian empire much reduced the flow of riches into Egypt diminishes, and the country reverts to a state of near anarchy. The high priest falls and tomb robbery and the depredation of monuments becomes rife. Civil war also rages in Egypt, with Libyans and also Nubians taking part. | | c. 1100 BC | Palestine [administration] | In the last third of the century there is a struggle among the Israelites, between those who want to continue as a theocracy and those who want to be like other nations with a king. The latter win. | | c. 1100 BC | Crete [colonization] | The Dorians spread to Crete. The Minoans reach the end of their distinctive civilization after three centuries of Mycenaean domination during which they have still retained their identity; for a few generations they flee before the invaders to live in the hills. The dispossessed Mycenaeans escape, partly to Arcadia, but largely to Attica and Athens itself. They also begin the so-called Ionian migration into the Aegean coastline of Asia Minor. The Dorians themselves migrate to the southern corner of this coastline. Cyprus has an influx of Greek immigrants at about this time, or even earlier. | | c. 1100 BC–c. 1000 BC | Babylon, Assyria [colonization] | Both Assyria and Babylonia suffer from incursions by a confederacy of tribes, speaking a northern Semitic language called Aramaeans. Even the Assyrians, relapsing into a dark-age period of which little is known, are apparently fighting for their very existence. |
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