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1111| 1078–1124 | Spain, France [churches and temples] | Work begins on the Romanesque cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, using French masons. Built on a huge scale to accommodate the large number of pilgrims, it is largely completed by 1124. | | 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1111 | Persia [science] | The Persian ascetic theologian and Sufi mystic Al-Ghazzali (Algazel) inspires Muslim intolerance to science, despite being a former academic himself. This leads to the decline of science in Islamic lands. | | 4 February 1111 | Italy, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | In a meeting in Sutri, Italy, Pope Paschal II tries to settle the ‘Investiture Contest’ (conflict between the papacy and the Empire over lay investiture of senior churchmen) by offering to surrender all church lands in Germany to Emperor Henry V of Germany if he will renounce the practice of lay investiture (investiture by lay rulers). Henry accepts Paschal's offer, knowing that it is unworkable, and opposition by the German bishops, who will lose their wealth and status, ensures that it is never enforced. | | 12 April 1111 | Holy Roman Empire, Papal States, Italy [political events] | Emperor Henry V of Germany forces Pope Paschal II to concede to him the right to invest bishops by threatening to recognize the antipope Sylvester IV. Henry then orders Sylvester to abdicate. | | 13 April 1111 | Papal States, Italy, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Pope Paschal II formally crowns Henry V of Germany as emperor in Rome. Henry has held the title unofficially since 1106. |
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