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1138| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1112–1167 | Pagan [political events] | During the reign of King Alaungsithu, the Burmese kingdom of Pagan reaches the peak of its political and cultural influence. | | 1132–1143 | Sicily [churches and temples] | The Palatine Chapel in Palermo, Sicily is constructed for King Roger II of Sicily. It combines Byzantine, Islamic, and Norman styles of architecture in a dazzling hybrid. | | 1137–1140 | France [churches and temples] | The new west front of Saint-Denis in Paris, France, is built. The design and sculpture of its façade mark the beginning of Gothic architecture. Abbot Suger now begins a new east end, with Gothic vaulting and stained glass windows. | | 1138 | Poland [administration] | Boleslaw III, Duke of Poland, dies following a defeat in Russia, ending a period of Polish expansion. His lands are partitioned by his sons, civil war follows, and Poland ceases to be a unified state for two centuries. The eldest son, Wladyslaw II, becomes the first grand prince of Poland, with Kraków as his capital; he possesses Silesia and Pomerania and is, in theory, hereditary suzerain in all Polish lands. | | 1138 | Mesopotamia [births and deaths] | Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine 1171–1193, who successfully captured Jerusalem from the Franks during the Third Crusade, born in Takrit, Mesopotamia (–1193). | | 5 May 1138 | England [wars] | Robert, Earl of Gloucester, begins a civil war in England by declaring himself for the late King Henry I's daughter Matilda against King Stephen. | | 22 August 1138 | England, Scotland [Anglo–Scottish Wars 1296–1371)] | In the Battle of the Standard, near Northallerton (in present-day North Yorkshire), English forces rout the invading army of King David I of Scotland. |
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