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1168| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1163–1220 | France [churches and temples] | The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France is constructed. | | 1167–1168 | Italy, Holy Roman Empire [wars] | The Lombard League, formed to defend the northern Italian cities against the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, builds the city of Alessandria to strengthen its defences. | | 1168 | Central America [political events] | The Toltec Empire of Mexico collapses after its capital at Tula is sacked by invaders. | | 9 September 1168 | Papal States, Italy, Holy Roman Empire [administration] | Abbot John of Struma is elected the successor to the antipope Paschal III, as Calixtus III, and recognized as pope by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. | | 4 November 1168 | Kingdom of Jerusalem, Egypt, Fatimid Caliphate [Crusades (1095–1272)] | King Amalric I of Jerusalem invades Egypt and takes the town of Bilbeis, near Cairo, from the Fatimids (Shiite Muslims). |
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