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1175| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1163–1220 | France [churches and temples] | The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France is constructed. | | 1175 | Italy [scientific publications] | The Italian scholar Gerard of Cremona makes a Latin translation from Arabic of Ptolemy's astronomical work the Almagest, having learnt Arabic especially for the task. It becomes the work's most popular translation of the Middle Ages. | | 1175 | Ireland, England, Normandy [treaties] | By the Treaty of Windsor, Rory O'Connor, High King of Ireland recognizes King Henry II of England's conquests in the east of Ireland but is permitted to retain dominion over the territories not under Anglo-Norman occupation on payment of tribute. | | 1175 | Japan [Buddhism] | The Japanese Buddhist Amida cult becomes a separate sect called Pure Land Buddhism. It is founded by the priest Honen, who specifies that the chanting of the name Amida Buddha is the only practice necessary to reach the pure land (paradise). |
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