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1180| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1163–1220 | France [churches and temples] | The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France is constructed. | | 1180 | Byzantine Empire [political events] | The Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus makes pronoia (grants of land held subject to military service) heritable; thus they come to resemble Western feudal tenures. They are also evidence of the decay of imperial authority following the defeat at Manzikert in 1176. | | 1180 | Europe [ships and shipping] | The earliest European reference to a sternpost rudder is recorded. The increasing use of sails means that rudders are needed for steering, and oar-powered boats with steering oars become redundant. | | 1180 | Serbia [administration] | Serbia becomes independent of the Byzantine Empire under Stephen Nemanja, Grand Zupan of Rascia. | | 24 September 1180 | Byzantine Empire [administration] | The Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus dies; he is succeeded by his son, Alexius II, with his widow, Mary of Antioch, acting as regent. |
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