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1187| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1163–1220 | France [churches and temples] | The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France is constructed. | | 1187 | Papal States, Italy [Catholicism] | Albert of Morra is elected Pope Gregory VIII following the death of Pope Urban III. | | 1187 | Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria [diplomacy] | The Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelus makes a truce with the Bulgarian brothers Theodore and Asen, from the ruling line of the Second Bulgarian Empire, recognizing Bulgarian independence de facto; Theodore (now named Peter) is crowned as tsar, although Asen actually rules. | | 3 July 1187 | Kingdom of Jerusalem, Ayyubid Sultanate [Crusades (1095–1272)] | The army of the kingdom of Jerusalem, advancing to raise the siege of Tiberias, is trapped and destroyed by Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Horns of Hattin; King Guy of Jerusalem is captured and Reynald of Châtillon beheaded. The kingdom of Jerusalem is left virtually defenceless as Saladin takes the Franks' castles one by one. | | 3 October 1187 | Ayyubid Sultanate, Kingdom of Jerusalem [Crusades (1095–1272)] | Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria takes Jerusalem after a short siege. | | 17 December 1187 | Italy, Holy Roman Empire [Crusades (1095–1272)] | Pope Gregory VIII dies, shortly after proclaiming the Third Crusade to liberate Jerusalem from the Muslims. Two days later, Paul Scolari is elected Pope Clement III. |
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