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1191| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1163–1220 | France [churches and temples] | The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France is constructed. | | 1191 | Spain, Egypt [philosophy] | Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides completes his major work, Dalalat al-Ha'irin/A Guide for the Perplexed, an attempt at a rational philosophy of Judaism aimed at reconciling Jewish theology and Muslim Aristotelianism. | | 30 March 1191 | Papal States, Italy [administration] | Cardinal Hyacinth Bobo is elected Pope Celestine III following the death of Pope Clement III. | | 15 April 1191 | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Sicily [administration] | Pope Celestine III crowns Henry VI as Holy Roman Emperor following the death of his father Frederick I Barbarossa on 10 October 1190. Henry then begins his conquest of his wife's kingdom of Sicily, held by Tancred, Count of Lecce. | | 8 May - 5 June 1191 | England, Cyprus, Navarre [wars] | King Richard I the Lionheart of England conquers Cyprus from its Byzantine ruler, Isaac II Angelus. While there, at Limassol, he marries Berengaria of Navarre (12 May). | | 12 July 1191 | England, Palestine, Kingdom of Jerusalem [Crusades (1095–1272)] | Four days after the arrival of King Richard I the Lionheart of England, the crusaders take the Muslim-held port of Acre (present-day Akko, Israel); it becomes the capital of the kingdom of Jerusalem. | | 3 August 1191 | France, Palestine [Crusades (1095–1272)] | Claiming to be in ill health, King Philip II of France sails for home from Palestine. | | 8 August 1191 | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Germany [wars] | Empress Constance is captured in a revolt in Salerno, Italy, while the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI is forced by fever in his army to raise the siege of Naples and return to Germany. |
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