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1198| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1163–1220 | France [churches and temples] | The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France is constructed. | | 8 January 1198 | Rome [administration] | Lotario di Segni is elected Pope Innocent III following the death of Pope Celestine III. | | 7 July 1198 | Holy Roman Empire, Germany [administration] | Otto IV, a member of the Welf dynasty and son of Henry the Lion, is crowned as ‘king of the Romans’ (king of Germany) after he captures the city of Cologne; civil war breaks out in Germany between him and the Hohenstaufen party of Philip, Duke of Swabia, who has already been elected ‘king of the Romans’. | | 15 August 1198 | Italy, Palestine, France [Crusades (1095–1272)] | Pope Innocent III proclaims the Fourth Crusade to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims and offers an indulgence to those who fight the Albigensians (Cathars; members of a heretical Christian sect) in southern France. |
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