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1208| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1163–1220 | France [churches and temples] | The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France is constructed. | | c. 1200–c. 1230 | South America [political events] | Manco Capac founds the Inca state in the Cuzco Valley, Peru. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1208 | Mongol Empire [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | At the Battle of the Irtysh, the Mongol leader Genghis Khan defeats Gushluk, leader of the Naiman tribe, completing his unification of the Mongol peoples. | | 1208 | Almohad Emirate, Almoravid Emirate, North Africa [wars] | Mohammad al-Nasir, the Almohad emir of northwest Africa and Muslim Spain, destroys the last Almoravid strongholds in North Africa. | | 21 June 1208 | Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Shortly after Pope Innocent III has recognized him as ‘king of the Romans’ and agreed to crown him Holy Roman Emperor, Philip, Duke of Swabia, is murdered by Otto of Wittelsbach, Count Palatine of Bavaria, over a personal grudge. |
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