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1209| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1163–1220 | France [churches and temples] | The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France is constructed. | | c. 1200–c. 1230 | South America [political events] | Manco Capac founds the Inca state in the Cuzco Valley, Peru. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1209 | England [universities and colleges] | Following riots between university scholars and townspeople in Oxford, England, a group of English academics leave and move to the small town of Cambridge, England, where they establish a new university. | | 1209 | Balkans [political events] | The French nobleman Geoffrey of Villehardouin assumes the title of prince of Achaea, founding another feudal Latin dynasty in the Morea (that is, the Peloponnese in Greece, known as ‘Romania’ in the West). | | 15 August 1209 | France, Toulouse [Crusades (1095–1272)] | The southern French town of Carcassonne is taken by the Albigensian crusaders; the Norman crusader Simon IV de Montfort is then elected leader and expropriates land from the Albigensian (Cathar) heretics and their supporters, becoming lord of Béziers and Carcassonne. | | 4 November 1209 | England, Italy [political events] | King John of England's continued refusal to accept Stephen Langton, the Pope's choice, as archbishop of Canterbury leads to his excommunication by Pope Innocent III. |
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