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1213| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1163–1220 | France [churches and temples] | The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France is constructed. | | c. 1200–c. 1230 | South America [political events] | Manco Capac founds the Inca state in the Cuzco Valley, Peru. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 19 April - 29 April 1213 | Italy, Palestine, France [Crusades (1095–1272)] | Pope Innocent III proclaims the Fifth Crusade and stops granting indulgences for the Albigensian Crusade against the Albigensian (Cathar) heretics of southern France. | | 13 May 1213 | England, Italy [political events] | King John of England accepts Pope Innocent III's terms for ending the interdict placed on England, to avoid severe political consequences, receiving Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury; he also resigns his kingdom to the Pope and receives it again as a papal fief, promising to pay tribute. | | 12 September 1213 | France, Toulouse [Crusades (1095–1272)] | The Norman crusader Simon IV de Montfort and the Albigensian crusaders defeat Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, and kill his ally King Pedro II of Aragon at Muret. Pedro's heir in Aragon is his young son, James I, and civil war follows there. |
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