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1215| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1163–1220 | France [churches and temples] | The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France is constructed. | | c. 1200–c. 1230 | South America [political events] | Manco Capac founds the Inca state in the Cuzco Valley, Peru. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1215 | Mongolia [births and deaths] | Kublai Khan, Mongol general, grandson of Genghis Khan, conqueror of China, and first emperor of the Yüan dynasty, born (–1294). | | 1215 | Mongol Empire, Jin Empire, China [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | The Mongol leader Genghis Khan captures and sacks Beijing, the former capital of the Jin Empire (the Jin have recently moved their capital to Kaifeng to escape Mongol attacks); its population is massacred. | | 15 June - 17 June 1215 | England [political events] | King John of England and his opponents, the barons, meet at Runnymede (now in Surrey) on the River Thames, England, to agree on terms for peace. Three days of negotiations result in the Magna Carta (Great Charter) in which the king agrees to various curtailments of his powers and concedes ‘liberties’ to different classes of his subjects. | | 11 November - 30 November 1215 | Italy, Holy Roman Empire, France, Languedoc [legislation] | Pope Innocent III legislates at the Fourth Lateran Council in Rome for the organization and financing of the Fifth Crusade, for the suppression of heresy, and for the regulation of religious orders, and orders that Jews and Muslims living in Christian lands must wear distinctive clothing. The Norman crusader and lord of Languedoc, Simon IV de Montfort, is confirmed in his lands in southern France. |
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