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1219| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1163–1220 | France [churches and temples] | The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France is constructed. | | c. 1200–c. 1230 | South America [political events] | Manco Capac founds the Inca state in the Cuzco Valley, Peru. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1219 | Japan [political events] | Minamoto Sanetomo, the shogun (military ruler) of Japan, is murdered by the Hojo. Hojo Yoshitoki, leader of the Hojo, assumes power as regent: the shogunate becomes an honorific title. The Hojo family retains power until 1333. | | 8 August 1219 | Egypt, France, Germany, Hungary, Spain [Christianity] | St Francis preaches to the sultan and to the crusaders in Egypt. Missions of his friars are sent to France, Germany, Hungary, and Spain. |
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