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1221| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | c. 1200–c. 1230 | South America [political events] | Manco Capac founds the Inca state in the Cuzco Valley, Peru. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 8 August 1221 | Ayyubid Sultanate, Egypt, Italy, Scandinavia, Austria, Germany, Flanders [Crusades (1095–1272)] | The army of the Fifth Crusade, advancing into Egypt from Damietta, is trapped by the Nile floods and the Egyptian army; the leader of the crusade, Cardinal Pelagius, is forced to accept Sultan al-Kamil of Egypt's terms for withdrawal, including the surrender of Damietta. | | 24 November 1221 | Khwarizm, Mongol Empire, India, Delhi Sultanate [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | The shah of the central Asian province of Khwarizm, Jalal-ad-Din, defeats the Mongols under Kutikonian at Parvan (near modern Kabul, Afghanistan). The Mongol leader Genghis Khan quickly avenges the defeat, destroying Jalal-ad-Din's army at Bamian (in present-day Afghanistan); Jalal-ad-Din flees to India with the Mongols in pursuit. After defeating Jalal-ad-Din again on the River Indus, Genghis Khan withdraws his forces to avoid war with the Sultanate of Delhi. |
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