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1222| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | c. 1200–c. 1230 | South America [political events] | Manco Capac founds the Inca state in the Cuzco Valley, Peru. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1222 | Hungary [political events] | King Andrew II of Hungary grants his Golden Bull, which protects the rights of the lesser nobility against the magnates and limits the powers of the crown, granting the right to disobey unlawful commands. All subsequent Hungarian kings have to swear to observe these concessions. | | 6 June 1222 | Mongol Empire, Khwarizm [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | The Mongol leader Genghis Khan takes the city of Herat and massacres its population, completing his conquest of the Khwarizm shahdom (modern Iran, Afghanistan, and part of Central Asia). |
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