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1225| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | c. 1200–c. 1230 | South America [political events] | Manco Capac founds the Inca state in the Cuzco Valley, Peru. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1225 | [maths] | The Italian mathematician Fibonacci writes Liber quadratorum/The Book of the Square, the first major Western advance in arithmetic since the work of Diophantus a thousand years earlier. | | 1225 | Italy [poetry] | St Francis of Assisi writes his ‘Il cantico di Frate Sole’/‘Canticle of Brother Sun’, a hymn of praise to God written in Italian. | | 1225 | Khwarizm, Persia, Georgia [wars] | Jalal-ad-Din, the shah of the central Asian province of Khwarizm, re-establishes control of Persia, then invades Georgia and sacks the capital Tbilisi (modern Tbilisi) after defeating the Georgians at Garnhi. |
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