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1229| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | c. 1200–c. 1230 | South America [political events] | Manco Capac founds the Inca state in the Cuzco Valley, Peru. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 18 February 1229 | Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Egypt [Crusades (1095–1272)] | The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II negotiates the return of Jerusalem to Christian control with al-Kamil, the sultan of Egypt; the Sixth Crusade thus ends without any fighting. | | 18 March 1229 | Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Jerusalem [political events] | The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II crowns himself as king of Jerusalem, in Jerusalem. | | 11 April 1229 | France, Toulouse [treaties] | The Treaty of Paris ends the Albigensian Crusade against the Albigensian (Cathar) heretics of Languedoc, southern France; Count Raymond VII of Toulouse submits to King Louis IX of France, ceding the duchy of Narbonne. |
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