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1230| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | c. 1200–c. 1230 | South America [political events] | Manco Capac founds the Inca state in the Cuzco Valley, Peru. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | c. 1230 | Germany [poetry] | The long era of Minnesingers (German court lyric poets and singers who wrote love lyrics of a formal style and aristocratic beauty) ends. Among the most eminent names were Wolfram von Eschenbach who died in 1220, and Walter von der Vogelweide who may have died in this year. | | 1230 | Germany, Poland, Prussia [political events] | Herman of Salza, the grand master of the Teutonic Knights (a German Christian military order of crusading knights), takes possession of the town of Chelmno in Poland, granted to them by Prince Konrad of Masovia; the Knights now begin their conquest of Prussia. | | 4 April 1230 | Bulgaria, Byzantine Empire [wars] | John Asen II, Tsar of Bulgaria, defeats and captures Theodore Angelus, the despot of Epirus, at Klokotinitza; the Bulgarian Empire now extends from the Black Sea to the River Danube, the Adriatic Sea, and Thessaly. | | 23 July 1230 | Holy Roman Empire, Sicily, Papal States, Italy [treaties] | By the Treaty of Ceprano, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II makes concessions to the church in Sicily and agrees to respect the borders of the Papal States; in return Pope Gregory IX lifts his sentence of excommunication. | | 23 September 1230 | León, Castile, Spain [political events] | King Alfonso IX of León dies; he is succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III of Castile, who thus finally unites the two kingdoms. |
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