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1231| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1231 | India [other structures] | The mausoleum of ‘Sultan Ghari’ (Nasir-ad-Din Mahmud, son of Iltutmish) is built in Delhi, India. | | 4 April 1231 | Papal States, Holy Roman Empire [human rights] | Pope Gregory IX sets up the Holy Office (Inquisition), a permanent tribunal for investigating the various heresies proliferating in France and Germany. | | 15 August 1231 | Khwarizm, Mongol Empire, Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, Georgia [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | Jalal-ad-Din, Shah of Khwarizm, is murdered while fleeing a new Mongol invasion. Kay-Qubadh, Sultan of Rum, now occupies Ahlat and Queen Rusudan of Georgia reoccupies the Georgian capital Tbilisi (modern Tbilisi); the Mongols conquer the rest of his shahdom. |
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