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1235| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | c. 1235 | France [design] | The French mason Villard de Honnecourt produces a sketchbook; it provides a unique insight into the practices of Gothic architects. | | 1235 | Aragon, Spain [Reconquista of Spain (711–1492)] | With the capture of Ibiza, King James I of Aragon completes his conquest of the Balearic Islands. | | 1235 | Mali [wars] | Sundiata, a Mandingo chief from the minor state of Kangaba, rebels against Sumanguru of Kaniaga, the dominant ruler in the west African Sahel, and defeats him at the Battle of Kirina (in southwest Mali). Sundiata compels Sumanguru's subjects to recognize his overlordship, so founding the empire of Mali. | | 1235 | France [architecture] | The French engineer Villard de Honnecourt produces an architectural sketchbook, including plans of water-driven machinery such as sawmills, and a screw jack for lifting loads. It becomes a standard manual for engineers and architects. |
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