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1238| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1238 | Italy [horse-racing] | The earliest reference is made to the Palio horse race in Siena, Italy. Similar horse races are held in other Italian cities, usually on important holy days, but it is only in Siena that the tradition survives through to modern times. | | 4 March 1238 | Mongol Empire, Russia [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | Juri (Yury) II, Great Prince of Vladimir–Suzdal, is defeated and killed by the Mongols under Batu on the Sita, near Yaroslavl (which is subsequently sacked). The spring thaw begins shortly afterwards, making the terrain impassable and halting the Mongol advance on Novgorod. Batu then withdraws to the Don basin. |
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