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1239| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1239 | England [births and deaths] | Edward I Longshanks, King of England 1272–1307, son of Henry III, who subdued Wales, born in Westminster, London (–1307). | | 1239 | Russia, Mongol Empire [political events] | Great Prince Jaroslav II of Vladimir–Suzdal begins the payment of tribute to the Mongols; the other Russian princes soon follow suit. | | 20 March 1239 | Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria, Bohemia, Germany [political events] | Pope Gregory IX excommunicates the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II for infringing the church's rights in Italy. In Germany, only Bavaria and Bohemia rebel in consequence. | | 1 September 1239 | Navarre, England, Palestine [Crusades (1095–1272)] | A new crusade, led by King Theobald of Navarre and Richard, Earl of Cornwall (King Henry III of England's brother), arrives at the Palestinian port of Acre (present-day Akko, Israel). | | 13 November 1239 | Ayyubid Sultanate, Egypt, Kingdom of Jerusalem [Crusades (1095–1272)] | King Theobald of Navarre's crusading army is defeated by the Egyptians at Gaza; subsequent negotiations, however, result in modest territorial gains for the kingdom of Jerusalem. |
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