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1240| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 22 February 1240 | Italy, Holy Roman Empire, Sicily, Germany [wars] | The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II reaches the outskirts of Rome, but withdraws to Sicily when Pope Gregory IX rouses the Romans to resist. Gregory, ineffectively, orders a crusade against Frederick in Germany. | | 9 September 1240 | Navarre, Palestine [Crusades (1095–1272)] | King Theobald of Navarre leaves Palestine, ending his crusade. | | 6 December 1240 | Mongol Empire, Kiev [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | The Mongol leader Batu takes and sacks the Russian principality of Kiev, then ravages the principality of Galicia, also called Red Ruthenia. |
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