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1241| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1241 | Germany, Poland [colonization] | German immigrants flood into Poland to settle land depopulated by the Mongol invasion. | | 1241 | Germany [political events] | The German towns of Hamburg and Lübeck form a peace-keeping league (which has been regarded as the origin of the Hanseatic League). | | 9 April 1241 | Mongol Empire, Poland, Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, Holy Roman Empire [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | After sacking Kraków, a Mongol army led by Khaidu defeats the Poles, Silesians, and Teutonic Knights at Legnica in Poland. Grand Prince Henry II the Pious of Poland is killed. The Mongols next ravage Silesia and, when repulsed by the Bohemians, they go through Moravia into Hungary. | | 11 April 1241 | Mongol Empire, Hungary, Croatia, Germany, Holy Roman Empire [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | The main Mongol army, under Batu, defeats the Hungarians at Mohi on the River Sajo: they ravage the Danube plain, but are repulsed at Grobnok by the Croatians. A crusade is proclaimed against them in Germany. | | 25 October 1241 | Italy [administration] | Goffredo Castiglione is elected Pope Celestine IV. |
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