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1245| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1245 | Mongol Empire [Christianity] | Pope Innocent IV sends John de Plano Carpinis, a Friar Minor, to the court of the great khan at Karakorum, Mongolia. This embassy leads to the establishment of Christian missions in China, which continue until around 1368. | | 26 June - 17 July 1245 | Italy, France, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Pope Innocent IV holds the General Council in Lyons, France. It legislates for reform, calls for new crusades to liberate Jerusalem, and culminates with Innocent's declaration of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II's deposition and invitation to the German nobles to elect a new king. |
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