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1248| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1248 | Egypt [medicine] | Spanish-born Muslim Al-Baytar, ‘chief of botanists’ in Cairo, Egypt, writes Kitab al-jami/Collection of Simple Drugs, which lists 1,400 different remedies and is the largest and most popular Arab pharmacopoeia. | | 4 April 1248 | Mongol Empire [political events] | The death of Guyuk, Great Khan of the Mongols, is followed by an interregnum which lasts until 1251. | | 22 December 1248 | Castile, Spain, León [Reconquista of Spain (711–1492)] | The Muslim city of Seville in southern Spain surrenders to King Ferdinand III of Castile and León. |
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