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1250| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | c. 1250 | England [plays] | The Harrowing of Hell, the earliest extant miracle play in English literature, is recorded. It is based on the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus. | | c. 1250 | Germany, Europe [poetry] | Carmina Burana, a collection of satirical poems, lyrics, and other goliardic (ribald) verses intended to be sung, is compiled. It belongs to the convent of Benediktbeurin in Munich, Germany. | | c. 1250 | Africa [political events] | The west African rainforest state of Benin is founded. | | c. 1250 | world [ships and shipping] | The bowsprit is introduced on ships, allowing the mainsail to be extended, and letting the vessel sail closer to the wind. | | 6 April 1250 | Ayyubid Sultanate, Egypt, France [Crusades (1095–1272)] | King Louis IX of France is defeated and captured by the Egyptians at the Battle of Fariskur, while withdrawing from Mansurah. | | 2 May 1250 | Ayyubid Sultanate, Egypt, Mameluke Sultanate [political events] | Turan Shah, the last Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, is murdered by his Mameluke (slave) guards, who elect their commander `Izz-ad-Din Aybak as regent while Shajar-ad-Durr, the widow of the former sultan Ayyub, is made nominal ruler. After 80 days Aybak marries her and assumes the sultanate, founding the Mameluke dynasty. | | 6 May 1250 | France, Egypt, Mameluke Sultanate, Kingdom of Jerusalem [Crusades (1095–1272)] | King Louis IX of France surrenders the Egyptian town of Damietta as part of the price for his release; he leaves Egypt for the Palestinian port of Acre (present-day Akko, Israel), where he is accepted as ruler (in practice, not in theory) of Outremer, the Crusader kingdoms in the Middle East. | | 13 December 1250 | Sicily, Germany, Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Jerusalem [births and deaths] | Frederick II, king of Sicily 1197–1250, king of Germany 1212–50, and Holy Roman Emperor 1220–50, king of Jerusalem 1229–43, grandson of Frederick I Barbarossa, dies in Castel Fiorentino, Apulia, Italy (55). | | 13 December 1250 | Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Sicily, Kingdom of Jerusalem [political events] | Following the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (Stupor mundi, ‘wonder of the world’), his son Conrad IV, king of the Romans (king of Germany), succeeds as king of Sicily and (nominal) king of Jerusalem. |
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