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1251| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1251 | India [political events] | Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I accedes to the throne of the Indian kingdom of the Pandya dynasty. Under his rule the Pandyas enter into hostilities with the Somesvara. | | 7 January 1251 | Florence, Italy, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | The Italian city-republic of Florence admits the exiled anti-imperialist party, the Guelphs. A new constitution is formed led by the capitano del popolo (‘captain of the people’) independent of the nobles. | | 7 July 1251 | Florence, Italy, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | The imperialist party, the Ghibellines, are exiled from the Italian city-republic of Florence, following the return of the papist Guelphs the year before. |
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