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1253| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1253 | Central Asia [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | Hulagu, a grandson of Genghis Khan and younger brother of Great Khan Mongka, begins his conquest of the Islamic empire. His army is larger than that of Genghis Khan and contains contingents from all the Mongol princes. | | 1253 | China, Dai Viet [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | The Mongol leader Kublai Khan conquers the kingdom of Nanchao in Yunnan, south China. Its Thai people migrate to Thailand. He also attacks Dai Viet (modern northern Vietnam, also known as Annam). | | 1253 | Japan [Buddhism] | The Buddhist monk Nichiren, after years studying the various Japanese Buddhist sects, declares that the essence of true Buddhism is only to be found in the Lotus Sutra and that all other approaches are false. His doctrine is greeted with anger and disbelief. | | 10 October 1253 | Germany, Sicily, Naples, Italy [political events] | King Conrad IV of Germany and Sicily completes his suppression of a Sicilian rebellion with the recovery of the Italian kingdom of Naples. |
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