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1257| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1257 | Italy [health and medicine] | The Italian physician Aldobrandon of Siena writes his treatise Le régime du corps/The Bodily Regimen on the need for good hygiene and diet, which is a new concept in Western medicine. | | 1257 | Dai Viet [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | The Mongols sack the city of Hanoi but Tran Thai-tong forces them to leave Dai Viet (modern northern Vietnam). | | 1257 | Germany, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | The Rhenish League (confederation of Rhineland towns formed in 1254 for their mutual protection) gradually disintegrates. | | 1257 | Castile, León, Emirate of Granada, Spain [Reconquista of Spain (711–1492)] | King Alfonso X of Castile and León and King Mohammad ibn Nasr of Granada expel the last Almohads (members of a Muslim dynasty of Berbers) from Spain. | | 13 January 1257 | Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Richard, Earl of Cornwall, is elected King of the Romans by three of the College of Seven Electors. | | 1 April 1257 | Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Four members of the College of Seven Electors elect King Alfonso X of Castile and León as King of the Romans. | | 17 May 1257 | Holy Roman Empire, Germany [political events] | Richard, Earl of Cornwall, is crowned King of the Romans in Aachen, Germany. |
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