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1259| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1259 | England [historical study] | Matthew Paris completes his Chronica majora/Greater Chronicle, a chronicle of the world from the creation, but more particularly of England in the author's lifetime. | | 1259 | Korea [political events] | The crown prince of Korea assumes the throne as King Wonjong. He is controlled by a Mongol resident commissioner, and a close relationship grows between Korea and the Mongols. | | 1259 | Poland, Lithuania, Russia [wars] | Poland, Lithuania, and Galicia in central Europe are devastated in punitive raids by Mongols and Russians. | | 4 April 1259 | Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Pope Alexander IV recognizes Richard, Earl of Cornwall, as King of the Romans. | | 4 December 1259 | France, England [treaties] | King Louis IX of France and King Henry III of England make peace in the Treaty of Paris. Henry renounces Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and other lost Angevin territories in France and does homage for Gascony to Louis, who cedes lands on its eastern borders which cannot be precisely defined. |
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