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1260| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1260 | England [physics] | The English scholar, Roger Bacon, who becomes a Franciscan friar at the age of 33, begins ‘true’ experimental method in his investigation of optical phenomena. | | 1260 | Italy [sculpture] | The Italian sculptor Nicola Pisano carves the pulpit in the baptistry of Pisa Cathedral, Italy. It marks the revival of a form of sculpture clearly based on classical models. | | 1 March 1260 | Syria, Ayyubid Sultanate, Mongol Empire [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | The city of Damascus surrenders to the Mongols, who now occupy all Syria, extinguishing the Ayyubid Sultanate. The Mongol leader Hulagu is soon forced to withdraw most of his forces because of a succession dispute. | | 7 July 1260 | Lithuania [wars] | The Lithuanians defeat the Teutonic Knights (a German Christian military order) at Durben in Lithuania. This is followed by the revolt of Courland (Kurland) against the Knights and the apostasy (rejection of his Christian faith) of Prince Mindovg of Lithuania, who conquers the north Baltic region of Livonia. | | 4 September 1260 | Sicily, Italy, Florence, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | King Manfred of Sicily's Sienese forces, under Count Jordan, defeat the Florentine Guelphs (anti-imperialists) at Montaperto, Italy. The city submits to a Ghibelline (imperialist) podestà (‘mayor’), Guido Novello. |
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