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1261| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1261 | Mongol Empire, China [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | The Mongol leader Kublai Khan establishes his supremacy as great khan. He continues the conquest of China, where Beijing is rebuilt as his winter capital. | | 13 March 1261 | Nicaean Empire, Genoa [treaties] | By the Treaty of Nymphaeum, the Genoese undertake to assist the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus to recover the city of Constantinople from the Latin Empire in return for trading concessions hitherto enjoyed by the Venetians. | | 25 July 1261 | Nicaean Empire, Latin Empire of Constantinople [political events] | The Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus recovers the city of Constantinople and is crowned there, deposing his ward and fellow emperor, John IV Lascaris. This marks the end of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. | | 29 August 1261 | Sicily [administration] | Jacques Pantaléon of Troyes a professor of canon law in Paris before becoming a bishop, then patriarch or Jerusalem, is elected Pope Urban IV. He offers the crown of Sicily to Charles of Anjou, in an attempt to dislodge the German Hohenstaufen family from Italy. |
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