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1263| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1262–1269 | Ilkhanate, Persia, Mongol Empire [wars] | War is waged between the Ilkhan of Persia, Hulagu, and Berke, Khan of the ‘Golden Horde’. It is inconclusive but saves Egypt from Mongol attack. | | 1263 | Lithuania [political events] | Prince Mindovg of Lithuania is murdered. His death assists the Teutonic Knights (a German Christian military order), who now complete their near extermination of the Sambians in the suppression of their rebellion. | | 1263 | Venice, Genoa, Italy [wars] | The Venetians defeat the Genoese, the allies of the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, in a naval battle off Settepozzi, Italy, in their struggle to gain control of trade with the Byzantine Empire. | | 16 July 1263 | England [political events] | King Henry III of England makes peace with his baronial opponents by accepting their terms, following a number of armed clashes and the rising of the city of London, England, against him. The leader of the barons, Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, and his allies occupy London. | | 3 October 1263 | Scotland, Norway, Iceland [wars] | King Alexander III of Scotland defeats King Haakon IV of Norway, in the Battle of Largs, after King Haakon IV attempts to subjugate the Hebrides off the west coast of Scotland, having already received the submission of Iceland and the colonists in Greenland. Alexander then subdues the Hebrides himself. | | 15 December 1263 | Norway, Scotland [political events] | King Haakon IV of Norway dies in the Shetland Islands, off the north coast of Scotland, where he has enforced an act of union with Norway by its people and those of the Orkney Islands. He is succeeded by his son, Magnus VI the Law-Mender. |
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