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1264| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1262–1269 | Ilkhanate, Persia, Mongol Empire [wars] | War is waged between the Ilkhan of Persia, Hulagu, and Berke, Khan of the ‘Golden Horde’. It is inconclusive but saves Egypt from Mongol attack. | | 1264 | Poland [legislation] | Prince Boleslaw V of Kraków grants a charter to Jews who, with Germans, are settling in Poland. This charter acts as the model for all subsequent confirmations of Jewish liberties in Poland until the end of the 18th century. | | 23 January 1264 | France, England [political events] | King Louis IX of France, arbitrating between King Henry III of England and the English barons, pronounces in favour of Henry in the Mise of Amiens, freeing him from any obligations to maintain the Provisions of Westminster (plan for legal reforms) and affirming his customary rights as king. This decision drives the baronial leader Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, and the barons into open war. | | 14 May 1264 | England [political events] | After a failed attempt to make peace, the leader of the baronial opposition to the monarchy, Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, defeats and captures King Henry III of England at Lewes, England. | | 28 June 1264 | England [political events] | King Henry III of England accepts a ‘form of government’ giving control to the baronial party of Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester. A provisional administration is established by the earls of Gloucester and Leicester and the bishop of Chester. The king's affairs are to be controlled by a council of nine. |
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