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1265| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1262–1269 | Ilkhanate, Persia, Mongol Empire [wars] | War is waged between the Ilkhan of Persia, Hulagu, and Berke, Khan of the ‘Golden Horde’. It is inconclusive but saves Egypt from Mongol attack. | | c. 1265 | Genoa [historical study] | Jacobus de Voragine, archbishop of Genoa, compiles his Legenda aurea/Golden Legend, a collection of the lives and legends of the saints, which becomes an important source book for pre-Reformation artists. | | 1265 | Italy [births and deaths] | Dante Alighieri, Italian poet, prose writer, moral philosopher, and political theorist, author of Divina commedia/Divine Comedy, born in Florence, Italy (–1321). | | 5 February 1265 | Papal States, Italy [Catholicism] | Guy Foulquoi, the papal legate to England, is elected Pope Clement. | | 4 August 1265 | England [political events] | King Henry III of England and his son Edward Plantagenet defeat and kill the leader of the baronial party Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, at Evesham, England. |
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