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1268| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1262–1269 | Ilkhanate, Persia, Mongol Empire [wars] | War is waged between the Ilkhan of Persia, Hulagu, and Berke, Khan of the ‘Golden Horde’. It is inconclusive but saves Egypt from Mongol attack. | | 1268 | France [births and deaths] | Philip IV, King of France 1285–1314, born in Fontainebleau, France (–1314). | | c. 1268 | India [political events] | Jatavarman Sundara, the Pandya ruler who has made himself supreme in southern India and Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), dies. He is succeeded by Maravarman Kulasekhara, who brings the Pandya dynasty into hostility with the Somesvara. | | 4 April 1268 | Nicaean Empire, Venice, Genoa [treaties] | The Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus makes peace with the Venetians and restores their trading privileges, though at the same time keeping a similar treaty with Genoa. This double treaty gives distinct political and trading advantages to the Nicaeans. | | 21 May 1268 | Mameluke Sultanate, Syria, Principality of Antioch [wars] | The Mameluke sultan of Egypt, Baybars, takes Antioch, Syria (modern Antakya, Turkey), from its Crusader occupants, and destroys the city with unprecedented slaughter. The city never recovers. | | 23 August 1268 | Italy, Sicily, Holy Roman Empire [wars] | Conrad V (Conradin) of the German royal house of Hohenstaufen invades Italy to recover his father, Conrad IV's, kingdom of Sicily. He is defeated by Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, at Tagliacozzo, northern Italy. | | 29 October 1268 | Sicily, Germany, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, has Conrad V (Conradin) executed, extinguishing the German royal house of Hohenstaufen. Conrad was also nominally king of Jerusalem. |
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