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1274| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1274 | China, Japan [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | A fleet sent by Kublai Khan, the Mongol emperor of China, to conquer Japan is repulsed at Hakata Bay and subsequently destroyed by a storm. | | 1274 | Poland [scientific publications] | The Polish scholar Witelo Ciolek of Wroclaw, Poland, writes the most important medieval European treatise on optics, based on the work of the 11th-century Arab scientist Alhazen. | | 7 March 1274 | Italy [thought and scholarship] | St Thomas Aquinas (‘Doctor Angelicus’), Italian Dominican theologian, outstanding medieval scholasticist, dies in Fossanova, near Terracina, Italy (c. 50). He is the author of Summa contra gentiles/The Main Argument Against the Gentiles and his greatest work, Summa theologiae/Summary of Theology, which is left incomplete. A vast compendium of moral and political philosophy, it attempts to reconcile reason, faith, and Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology. | | 7 May 1274 | France [Christianity] | Pope Gregory X opens the General Council of Lyon in France, in the hope of ending the schism with the Greek church. The council recognizes the Dominican, Franciscan, Carmelite, and Austin Friars, and orders the suppression of all smaller mendicant orders. | | 6 July 1274 | Sicily, Byzantine Empire [political events] | With the enemies of the Byzantine Empire united under Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, at the General Council of Lyon the ambassadors of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus take an oath accepting the pope's supremacy. Pope Gregory X then causes Charles to make a truce with Michael. | | 11 July 1274 | Scotland [births and deaths] | Robert I the Bruce, King of Scotland 1306–29, who freed Scotland from English rule, winning a decisive victory at Bannockburn (1314), born (–1329). |
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